I know of one local public course that would use a byproduct of the city's sewage treatment plant as a fertilizer. I'd imagine it would make your cigar taste like crap.
The fertilizer you speak of would be Milorganite. I certainly wouldn't recommend ingesting the stuff. Honestly though...it wouldn't harm you near as much as the bird crap that's all over the course. You won't get something like histoplasmosis from Milorganite, but the same cannot be said for bird/goose droppings.
Also, unless a pesticide was applied minutes before you enter the area (which it shouldn't have been), there's not much too worry about. The life of most of these chemical compounds is very short. They start breaking down the minute they hit the plant/soil usually.
I'm more concerned about how the tobacco was treated (before it was lit on fire and smoked) than worrying about a golf course. You're at more risk inhaling the fumes while filling up your car/truck than anything you'll be exposed to in the turf world. The importance of drainage on a golf course is huge. Aquatic life is extremely sensitive. The average Americans laundry and dish soap is more harmful than the applications made on the course. The industry will always get the bad wrap though... Because they have the scary equipment, and its not making food.
Full disclosure... I've got a turf degree, golf course work history, and I'm an organic gardener. I don't believe in using chemicals if they're not necessary. The plants that don't do well in my garden still make great compost. The plants that don't do well on the golf course, cost people jobs.
My wife is an optometrist. You would be amazed at the number of things sprayed on a golf course to control disease pressure that are applied directly to the eye at much higher concentrations. The number one problem on high maintenance turf is fungal disease. Let's just say, if you play golf in your bare feet, you might get rid of that athletes foot. Problem is, you'd have to be out all summer and get sprayed directly every week to ever achieve the control you can get in a pin head sized application of lamisil.